Rise of nationalism in Europe

The rise of nationalism in Europe was stimulated by the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars.^[1]^[2] American political science professor Leon Baradat has argued that “nationalism calls on people to identify with the interests of their national group and to support the creation of a state – a nation-state – to support those interests.” Nationalism was the ideological impetus that, in a few decades, transformed Europe. Rule by monarchies and foreign control of territory was replaced by self-determination and newly formed national governments.^[3] Some countries, such as Germany and Italy were formed by uniting various regional states with a common "national identity". Others, such as Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Poland were formed by uprisings against the Ottoman or Russian Empires.^[4] Romania is a special case, formed by the unification of the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia in 1859 and later gaining independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1878.

^ Zacher, Mark W. (2001). "The Territorial Integrity Norm: International Boundaries and the Use of Force". International Organization. 55 (2): 215–250. doi:10.1162/00208180151140568. ISSN 0020-8183. JSTOR 3078631. S2CID 154890372.
^ Kramer, Lloyd S. (2011). Nationalism in Europe and America: Politics, Cultures, and Identities since 1775. UNC Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-6905-5.
^ slideshare^{[not specific enough to verify]}
^ Baradat, Leon P. Political Ideologies: Their Origin and Impact, 10th ed. Upper Saddle, NJ: Pearson, 2009, 44.

[1] Zacher, Mark W. (2001). "The Territorial Integrity Norm: International Boundaries and the Use of Force". International Organization. 55 (2): 215–250. doi:10.1162/00208180151140568. ISSN 0020-8183. JSTOR 3078631. S2CID 154890372.

[2] Kramer, Lloyd S. (2011). Nationalism in Europe and America: Politics, Cultures, and Identities since 1775. UNC Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-6905-5.

[3] slideshare^{[not specific enough to verify]}

[4] Baradat, Leon P. Political Ideologies: Their Origin and Impact, 10th ed. Upper Saddle, NJ: Pearson, 2009, 44.

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